The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded annually by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden. Alfred Nobel had an active interest in medical research, and mentioned the prize in physiology or medicine in his will. The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to Emil von Behring for his work on serum therapy, particularly for its use in the treatment of diphtheria. Since then, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has highlighted important discoveries including penicillin, genetic engineering, blood-typing, and many other discoveries in different disciplines within the biomedical sciences such as reproductive medicine, neuroscience, etc.

The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was divided, one half awarded jointly to William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites", and the other half awarded to Youyou Tu "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria." Read more from the source at http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2015/.

The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was divided, one half awarded to John O'Keefe, and the other half awarded jointly to May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain." Read more from the source at http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2014/.

The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded jointly to James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman, and Thomas C. Südhof "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells". Read more from the source at http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2013/.

The 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent". Read more from the source at http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2012/.

The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been divided, one half jointly to Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" and the other half to Ralph M. Steinman "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity". Read more from the source at http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2011/.

The 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Robert G. Edwards for pioneering work in reproductive physiology and, particularly, for developing the in-vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure in 1977, which was revealed to the world by the birth of the first ever "test-tube baby" on July 25, 1978. As of this writing, the procedure is estimated to have led to the birth of about 4 million children. Read more from the source at http://nobelprize.org/